Culture and purchase intention for luxury consumption Literature review

Culture and purchase intention for luxury consumption - Literature review Example ect of culture has become more relevant in the globalized world where organizations are targeting the international market in a strategy to increase their revenue. Cultural aspects such as attitude, religions, behavior and information-access influence the consumer decision making process. The hospitality and tourism industry have faced a big challenge while targeting this portion of the customer profile as they enter new markets (Truong, McColl & Kitchen, 2009). Understanding the intention of consumers as they buy luxury products is a priority if such companies have to suit the needs of their target market. The purpose of this review is to establish cultural influence within the luxury market and how this may impact a tourism and hospitality industry. While there is a concession that different countries have different luxury consumption patterns, the influence of culture in this market still remains a contentious issue (Blevis et al., 2007). Secondly, the review seeks to analyze the customer intention and the way culture impacts on this intention within the luxury market. The priority of any managers is to satisfy customers, which can only be accomplished when companies understand customers’ purchase intentions. Through a critical review, the article will analyze the impact of culture and customer intention in the purchase of luxury brands and provide conclusions and implications for the analysis. Therefore, the article will provide a platform through which luxury companies can launch successful brands that satisfy the global luxury market. The luxury market has become one of the potential investment markets in the 21 century. Currently, the luxury market is estimated to have a value of over 300 billion Euros and statistic projections shows that the market is rapidly growing. The luxury market is expected to grow by more than 7% percent each year, which promises high revenue in the future of the market. Besides, countries such as Middle East that have shown

Set theory

Set theory Set Theory and Georg Cantor Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Phillipp Cantor, or Georg Cantor, was one of the groundbreaking mathematicians to approach the concept of infinity. He worked intensively with set theory, working with the cardinality of sets, one-to-one correspondence, transcendental numbers, and different types of infinity. Over the course of the study, we shall take a journey through Cantors life, works, and arguments. First, Richard Dedikind proposed the proposition of infinity. He, instead of constructing it, began to recognize it, avoiding an argument made by Gauss: I protest against the use of infinite magnitude as something completed, which in mathematics is never permissible. Infinity is merely a FaÃ' «on de parler, the real meaning being a limit which certain ratios have approached indefinitely near, while others are permitted to increase without restriction. Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Phillipp Cantor was born in 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He was a talented violinist having inherited skills from his father and mother. His father worked in the Saint Petersburg stock exchange. Cantor lived in Russia until he turned eleven. He got sick that year and the family moved to Germany to experience warmer winters. Cantor graduated from Darmstadt in 1860; in 1862, he was enrolled in the Federal Polytechnic Institution in Zurich. When his father died, he received an inheritance that enabled him to attend the university ofg Berlin in 1862. He received his PhD in 1867 for his math paper on number theory. Cantor first began teaching at a girls school. He then moved to the University of Halle where he would be promoted to Extraordinary Professor in 1872 and full professor in 1879. He achieved this status at the young age of 32. Unsatisfied, he wanted to pursue a better job. But his colleague, Leopold Kronecker fundamentally disagreed with Cantors studies. He believed it was incorrect to propose a set with certain qualities without giving certain examples. Georg Cantor suffered from his first bout with depression in 1884. Because of this he took a break from math and began to teach philosophy. He did begin to work with math again, but it was not of the same caliber as before. He tried to reconcile with Kronecker who enthusiastically accepted, but their views on mathematics and philosophy still opposed each other. Many people suggest that because of this conflict Cantor was depressed, but others think it was a cause of his bipolarity. Cantor retired from mathematics in 1913 and suffered from poverty because of WW1. He died on January 1918 in the asylum where he spent his final years. As a mathematician, Cantor contributed many things to the mathematical field. H developed Set theory. He developed countability, denumerability, and 1-to-1 correspondences between sets. He was the first mathematician to theorize different sizes of infinity. Back then infinity was more of a philosophical topic rather than a mathematical topic. Plus, he received a lot of criticism from Leopold Kronecker. So how is a set defined? Cantor defined a set as, â€Å"a collection into a whole, of definite, well-distinguished objects (called the elements of the set) of our perception or of our thought†. For example, every even number from 1 to 100 can be considered a set. Every prime number from 1 to 1000 can be considered a set. Even the amount of vegetables in the world can be considered a set. A set is just a group. In a set, order is not important, for the sets {1,2,3,4,5} and the sets {4,5,2,3,1} are considered equal. To write that set L is equal to set H, you could write L=H. For that to be true, all the elements in set L have to be in set H, and the elements would all have to be equal. If set L contained {1,2,3}, the set H must contain {1,2,3}. However, if L has only some of the elements of H, we call L a subset of H. To show that something is an element of L, we use the symbol â€Å"Ï µÃ¢â‚¬ . If mÏ µL, it represents â€Å"m is an element of set L†. To represent unions between sets, we use. L M means the union of sets L and M. We use the symbol when describing an intersection between sets. We use this notation when trying to find an element between two sets. To get a better representation of the use, let O be the set of odd integers from 1-10 and let P be the set of prime integers from 1-10. When we see O P, the elements of that intersection would be {3, 5, 7}. If we make a union between the sets, the elements of the union would be {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}. You can think of union and intersections in the form of a Venn diagram. An intersection would be only the area where the circles intersect. A union would be the entire thing: the middle and the sides. Other important facts about set theory are cardinality and ordinal numbers. The cardinal number of a set represents the amount of elements in a set. An elements ordinal number shows where the number is in a sequence. Sometimes in well-ordered sets you can have each element with its ordinal number. Cantor developed the term enumerability. When a set is enumerable, it means that is cardinal number is the same size as the natural numbers or is the same size as a subset of the natural numbers. In a countable set, there exists an injective function. An injective function is when you can associate distinct values with distinct arguments. This is also referred to as a 1-to-1 function. In addition to injective functions, there is a surjective function where for the function f(x)= y, there exists more than one x value to one y value. Bijection is when for f(x) = y between sets, there exists one and only one value of y. a bijective function is different from an injective function because in an injective function, you can map all them elements from set A to set B with some elements in B left over when with a bijective function all the elements in set A must map over to set B with only one corresponding element. So where does this all tie into Cantors work? Well, to start off he was the first one to actually work with set theory. Through his work, he was able to prove that the set of odd integers is equal to the set of integers overall. For this proof, let us assume that the amount of even integers is equal to the amount of odd integers. Now, people will think, â€Å"But arent the odd integers a subset of the integers?† True, but subsets can have the same cardinality as the whole set. The way Cantor proved this was through proving the odd integers equal to the number of integers with a bijective function: f (x) = y = 2x+1, where x is an element of the entire set of integers. This way, -3 would go to –5, -2 would go to -3, -1 would go to -1, and 0 would go to -1. Through this, Cantor made a groundbreaking discovery. It would lead on to understanding different kinds of infinity. Cantor came up with two great theorems. The first one, Cantors Theorem showed that the power set of a set is larger than the set itself. A power set contains all the subsets of a set. Consider a set whose elements are {1, 2}. The power set of this set would be {{}, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}. The cardinality of this power set is 4. 4 is greater than two. As we described before, we showed that two sets have the same cardinality if they have the same number of elements and there exists a 1 to 1 correspondence. He proved his theorem by finding a subset, B, that was not in A. Consider a set, A, and its power set P(A). The subset B would be represented by: F(x) is a general bijective function that maps the elements of set As power set to the elements of set A. This shows that for any element x of A, x is an element of B if and only if x does not equal f(x). But then that would mean x is an element of B where x isnt an element of f(x) and then x is not an element of B? Impossible! One of the most famous proofs of set theory was the diagonal proof by Cantor. He applied it to show that the real numbers were more numerous than the naturals, therefore proving the existence of uncountable sets. To prove it, we will use contradiction. Consider a list of the real numbers that could be put into a 1-to-1 correspondence with the naturals. 1 .5657678†¦ 2 .3364625†¦ 3 .2425364†¦ 4 .3544657†¦ 5 .3535465†¦ 6 .1324354†¦ 7 .2000000†¦ Because of their 1 to one correspondence, should we try to construct another element in the list of real numbers, it would already be accounted for. But what the diagonal argument did was it took the first digit of the fist element, the second digit of the second element and so on and so on, all the way to the nth digit and added one to each individual digit mod ten. What would happen is we would add one to the first digit 5 mod ten and get six. Then we would add 1 to the second digit 3 mod ten and get 4. The pattern of numbers follows a diagonal formation, such as the numbers highlighted below. 1 .5657678†¦ 2 .3364625†¦ 3 .2425364†¦ 4 .3544657†¦ 5 .3535465†¦ 6 .1324354†¦ 7 .2000000†¦ The digits we would get are 6, , 3, 5, 5, 6, and 1. From these digits, we make a decimal with each digit in the spot respective to the element they were taken from. For example, 6 would be the first digit because it was taken from the 1st element. 4 would be the next one for it was taken from the second element, and so on and so on. Following that pattern, we would construct the number .6435561†¦. This beauty of this proof is we have just constructed a number that isnt part of the list! Why? For example, if we looked at the mth digit of this new number and the mth digit of the mth element of the list, we would see that they differ by that one number, thereby having created a new number. What we have done here is just made a way to make an infinite list strictly larger than the naturals therefore proving the existence of uncountable sets. What makes this proof so much more amazing is that there are so many ways to represent it. I used decimals to represent it. However, other peop le might use two variables and just switch them when changing by one. Other people might only use 0 and 1. Cantors work became an important part of other mathematicians work. It became an important part in Russells Paradox, Godels Incompleteness theorem, and Turings Entscheidungsproblem (German for â€Å"decision problem†) Through Cantors groundbreaking work, mathematicians were finally able to approach the concept of infinity. No longer was the topic reserved for the philosophers. Infinity could be used as a mathematical field.

Customer Relationship Management Essay -- Business CRM

As a Business Administration major I have learned there are several different components that make up a successful business, and it is important that everyone work together to achieve a common goal. The ultimate goal of most companies is to create a product or service that will gain a place in the market and stay there. Customer relationships are the most important factor for companies to consider when aiming toward success. What can companies do to improve customer relationships? Improving customer loyalty means the customer keeps coming back even if they are not always completely satisfied with the product. When I think about what brings customers back, and the most important part of a company’s success, it is undeniably customer relationship management. With it being easier for customers to shop from their home or office, and the growing competition making it easier to switch, the relationships become increasingly more important every day. Focusing more effort on cus tomer retention and loyalty in customer relationships would improve their chances of surviving in the market. Companies are now turning to this business strategy supported by information technology. These customer service programs are designed to assist in a company’s business operations. Companies like Siebel, E.piphany, Oracle, Broadvision, Net Perceptions, Kana and others have designed products that do everything from track customer behavior on the Web to predicting their future moves to sending direct e-mail communications. Customer Relationship Management can improve: Contact and account management, sales, marketing and fulfillment, customer service and support, and retention and loyalty. The part that deals specifically with the needs of the cust... ...to, what promotions to send to certain customers, and can inevitably save marketing dollars in the process. The management part of the programs is equally important. Once companies see progress or no progress with a customer they have to decide on an appropriate action. Companies do not want to sit back and watch customers disappear. Measuring the benefits will help companies identify their best customers and eliminate negative information flow between customers and the company. Customer Relationship Management has impacted the business world and changed the way customers are handled and the way customer satisfaction is valued. Murphy, John A. (2001). The Lifebelt: The Definitive Guide to Managing Customer Retention. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2001). Harvard Business Review on Customer Relationship Management. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Economics Essay

And economy is a system that deals with human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area. Lionel Robbins defined economics as â€Å"the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. † (Robbins L. 1932) Economics is based on the principle of scarcity of resources to satisfy human wants. As the resources to cater for the various human needs are limited, consumers have to make choices. Scarcity of resources creates an economic problem that the economic systems try to solve. Economics uses different techniques, tools and theories to carry out analysis and to explain various actions and behaviors in the economic systems. Economics may be studied in various fields including environmental economics, financial economics, game theory, information economics, industrial organization, labor economics, international economics, managerial economics and public finance. The two main areas of economics are macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics deals with the aggregate national economy of a country while the microeconomics deals with the economics of an individual firm or person and their interactions in the market, given scarcity of resources and regulations by the government. Micro-economics is much concerned with the behaviors of individuals and firms in an industry and how these behaviors affect supply and demand of goods and services. These behaviors also affect the prices charged to the goods and services. Supply and demand are affected by the prices while price is affected by supply and demand. Hence these three aspects have to balance at certain equilibrium. At this point, the price charged to the goods and services will attain equilibrium between supply and demand of the goods and services. The theory of Demand and supply is one of the fundamental theories in microeconomics. This theory explains the relationship between price of goods and services in relation to the quality sold. It also explains the various related changes that occur in the market. The theory of demand and supply helps in the determination of prices of commodities in a competitive market environment. Demand of a commodity is the amount of goods and services that consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price. Besides the price demand of a commodity is affected by other factors such as the income of the consumer and tastes and preferences. The demand theory suggests that consumer are rational in choosing the quality of a product that they will consume at a certain price and also considering other factors like their income and tastes. Most of the time, the consumption of goods and services by these customers is constrained by their income. As consumer seek to maximize the utility they obtain from a certain good or service, their income will act as a limiting factor. Thus the demand of a commodity depends on the purchasing power of the consumers. The purchasing power is determined by the amount of income the consumer gets. At a fixed income the demand of consumers will be determined by the price of the commodities. The law of demand suggests that demand and price of a commodity are inversely related. The higher the price of a commodity, the lower the demand of that commodity. When the price of commodity rises consumers will demand less of that good. This is because their purchasing power decreased. This is called the income effect. Increase in the price of a commodity will also result to the customers changing their consumption of the commodity preferring other less expensive commodities. This is called the substitution effect. The demand of the planes I sell will depend on their price and other factors such as tastes and preferences of the various customers in different parts of my market. However their demand will also be constrained by their level of income. If I increase the price of the planes my customers will demand fewer quantities due to income effect. Some other customers may change to other similar products thus causing substitution effect. When the income of the consumer changes, his consumption of the commodity will not move along the same demand curve, his demand curve will shift in proportion to his change of income. If the income increases the demand curve will shift outwards for a normal good. This means that at a certain price the consumer will now consume more goods than he could with his earlier income. If the income decreases the demand curve will shift inwards and the consumer will demand fewer quantities of commodities at a certain price. Supply is the quantity of a commodity that suppliers are able and willing to bring to the market at a certain price. Producers seek to maximize their profits and so will bring to the market quantities of commodity that will result to highest profits. The quantity of goods and services supplied depend on the prices of those commodities. Supply and price of commodities are directly proportional. This means the higher the price of the good at the market the higher the quantity supplied. For the prices of a commodity to be stable, the quantities of the commodity demanded must be equal to the quantity supplied. When demand and supply are equal on equilibrium in price is attained. The equilibrium price is that which results to equal quantities of demand and supply. When the price of a commodity is higher than the equilibrium the quantity demanded will be lower than the quantity supplied. There will be excess quantities in t he market. The price will have to come down until the excess quantities are eliminated. IN the same way if the price is lower than equilibrium the quantities demanded will be higher than quantities supplied and hence the price will have to be increased until the demand equates supply. The demand and supply theory is used to determine prices in perfectly competitive markets. Price is the value paid by the consumers for the utility they receive from a commodity. The price of a commodity affects the demand, supply and the quantities of the commodity sold in the market. The market price of a commodity is the intervention between marginal utility of the consumer and the marginal cost of the supplier. The equilibrium price is the point where these marginal utility and marginal costs equate. Elasticity measures the changes of one thing in relation to another. Elasticity of demand is the rate of change of quantity demanded of a commodity for a particular change in the price of the commodity. Different commodities will change different for the same change in their prices. For example two products may have the same price and the same demand but different elasticities, meaning when their prices change by one unit, their demand will change with different quantities. The commodity with higher demand elasticity will have a greater change in demand for the same change of price than a product with a lower elasticity. This can also happen in the case of supply resulting to price elasticity of supply. Both price elasticity of Demand and price elasticity of supply are the two types of price elasticities. Another form of elasticity is income elasticity of demand which measures the rate of change of demand in relation to change in income (Nelson, Salzmann). If the price elasticity of supply of my panels is high, then a little change in the price will greatly affect the quantity of panels the suppliers will bring to the market. On the other had if the price elasticity of demand of the panels in my market is high, my varying of the prices at which I sell the panels will greatly affect their demand. Monopolies are whereby one firm controls the whole market or a big percentage of the market of a commodity. When a firm have monopoly over a commodity the operations of the market as in a perfectly competitive market will not be possible. The monopoly will set its own prices whether they lead to equilibrium of demand and supply or not. Unless the monopoly is highly regulated the monopoly can manipulate the market by unfair practices like hoarding and price hikes. If I have a monopoly on the sale of the panels in my markets, I will have the liberty to set any price as far as it gives me maximum profits in disregard of the needs of the consumers. However, if there is only one source of the panels then I will have to accept any price the supplier determines. Monopoly is one cause of market imperfections. Market imperfection is where by the market systems are inhibited from operating normally as in a perfectly competitive market. Other causes of market imperfection are externalities, public goods, uncertainties and extreme interference in the economy by the government. Market imperfection can lead to market failure. Macro economics deals with performance of the national economy as a whole. It describes the behavior and structure of the economy using indication such as GDP, unemployment rates and price index (Mark Blaug 1985). Gross Domestic product â€Å"is the sum of the market values or prices f all final goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time† according to Sparknotes (http://www. sparknotes. com/economics/macros/measuring1/section1. html). Gross domestic product (GDP) is calculated by summing all the private consumption in the economy, investment by business or households, government expenditure and the net of exports and imports. The formula GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) is used where C is private consumption, I is investment, G is government expenditure and X is gross exports and M is gross imports (Sparknotes). Unemployment is whereby a person who is willing and able to work has no work (Burda, Wyplosz 1997), Unemployment rates show the performance of the economy as a whole. Unemployment is caused by different reasons. Unemployment rate can be calculated by dividing the number of unemployed workers by the total labor force. Philips curve was a theory that suggested that unemployment reduce inflation stating that unemployment reduces inflation stating that unemployment was inversely related to inflation. Inflation is the percentage rate of change of a price index (Burda, Wyplosz 1997). Inflation leads to general increase in the prices of gods in t he economy. Inflation affects the value of money in that it makes the purchasing power decrease. There are several theories used to explain practices in macro economics. The quantity theory of money is one of these theories that give the equation of change. It explains the relationship between overall prices and the quantity of money. The equation of change is given as M. V= P. Q where M is the total amount of money in circulation on average in an economy. V is the velocity of money P is price level Q is Index of expenditures. There have been different approaches to economics. These approaches differ on their view on certain aspects of economics. Some of the approaches that are there include Keynesian, monetarists, neo classical and the new classical. These different approaches led to up come of different schools of thoughts according to the inclination in the approach. However new developments have been advanced leading to acceptance of some of the aspects that had been disputed before by some approaches. Keynesian economics supported the use of policies to control the economy. The argument was that to reduce fluctuations the government had to base on actions (fiscal or monetary policy) on the prevailing conditions of the economy. The new Keynesian economics tried to provide microeconomic to the older Keynesian economics Monetarism was against fiscal policy as it has a negative effect on the private sector Monetarists argued that government intervention through fiscal policy could lead to crowding out o f monetary policies rules (Mark B. 1985). Fiscal policy is government intervention in the economic operations aimed at bringing stability of affecting certain changes in the economic environment. Fiscal policies are carried out though control of the government spending in the economy and use tax charged Fiscal policies are aimed at influencing the level of economic activities in the economy resource allocation and income distribution. The two tools, that is, Government spending and taxation is used differently to achieve different results. Incases of recession expansion fiscal policies are utilized. In this case the government increases its spending in the economy and reduces taxation. Contractionary fiscal policies are utilized by reducing government expenditure or spending in the economy and increasing tax charged. Contractionary fiscal policies can be used when there are high rates of inflation. Monetary policies are a form of intervention of the government into economic operation through interest rates so as to control the amount of money in circulation. Expansionary monetary policy is applied during recession to increase the amount of money in circulation. Expansionary policy can also be used to curb unemployment in this case interest rates are lowered hence encouraging circulation of money. Contractionary monetary policies are applied by increasing the rate of interest rates in order to reduce the rate of money in circulation in the economy. Contractionary monetary policy can be utilized during high rates of inflation. Economic growth can be achieved by leaving the competitive market conditions to prevail. However the government should intervene where the market is so unstable so that to bring regulation aimed at attaining optimum operation in the economy.

Following Assignment

Please answer the following questions, you can upload your answers In a MS Word flee, or Word file. Answer all the questions, and upload the answers back before Sunday March 31, 2013 (before 11: 55 pm): 1 . Differentiate between guided media and unguided media 2. What are three important characteristics of a periodic signal 3. Define fundamental frequency 4. What Is attenuation? 5. Describe the components of optical fiber cable. 6. Indicate some significant differences between broadcast radio and microwave. 7. What Is the difference between diffraction and scattering? . Last and briefly define important factors that can be used in evaluating or comparing the various digital-to- digital encoding techniques. 9. What function does a modem perform? 10. What Is JAM? Differentiate between guided media and unguided media Gulled media Is that where we use any path for communication like cables (coaxial, fiber optic, twisted pair) etc. Unguided media is also called wireless where not any phys ical path is used for transmission. What are three important characteristics of a periodic signal?Period (or frequency), amplitude and phase. All periodic signals can be broken down into other signals†¦ Cost commonly Selene/coolness waves, but there are others too. These components will each have their own frequency, amplitude and phase that combine into the original signal. The strange part of the question is the phase. A signal on its own does not have a phase unless you provide some reference signal to compare it to. Generally, this comparison signal Is Implied by the context of your particular situation.When you decompose a periodic signal into components, however, it is almost always implied that the phase of each component is in reference to the fundamental component (So the fundamental has phase O. Hill the others have phases referenced to that). This is done specifically so that each component will combine to create the original signal. Define fundamental frequency. Wha t Is attenuation? The fundamental frequency, often referred to simply as the fundamental, is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform.In terms of a superposition of sinusoids The fundamental frequency Is the lowest frequency sinusoidal in the sum. In some contexts, the fundamental is usually abbreviated as of (or IF), indicating the lowest frequency counting from zero. In other contexts, it is more common to abbreviate It as FL, the first harmonic. The second harmonic Is then if = off, etc. In this context, the zeros harmonic would be O Hz's. )All sinusoidal and many non-sinusoidal waveforms are periodic, which Is to say they repeat exactly over time. Describes the signal completely.We can show a waveform is periodic by finding some period T for which the following equation is true: Reduction of signal strength during transmission. Attenuation is the opposite of amplification, and is normal when a signal is sent from one point to another. Describe the components of opt ical fiber cable. An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass (silica) or plastic, slightly hickey than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or â€Å"light pipe†, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces.Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. Indicate some significant difference s between broadcast radio and microwave. FL Radio is about 50 Kilohertz to 400 Kilohertz. AM Broadcast Band Radio is about 500 Kilohertz to 1600 Kilohertz. And microwave begins around 2000 Mesh and goes up thru. Some frequency ranges like 26,000 Mesh in allocated bands, depending upon the type of service you're operating. What is the difference between diffraction and scattering?Diffraction is a phenomenon observed only in waves, but scattering is a phenomenon observed in both waves and particles. Diffraction is a property of propagation of waves, whereas scattering is a property of wave interactions. Diffraction can be taken as evidence for the wave nature of light. Some forms of scattering (Compton scattering) can be taken as evidence for the particle nature of light. List and briefly define important factors that can be used in evaluating or comparing the various digital-to-digital encoding techniques. Digital signals don't have large ranges, nor do they reflect constant activity .Digital signals have very few values. Each signal is unique from a previous digital value and unique from one to come. In effect, a digital signal is a snapshot of a condition and does not represent continual movement In comparing analog and digital signals, advantages lie on either end of the spectrum. Analog signals suffer far less from attenuation over long distances. This rather makes sense. Since digital data can only be a 1 or O, what happens when a signal becomes so weak that it is hard to distinguish between each state? Sometimes we Just can't.Analog devices, on the other hand, are equipped to handle the infinite values between 1 and O. Digital devices are a lot less sophisticated, meaning that they are fairly easy to manufacture and cost-effective. In addition, bandwidths than analog systems do. What function does a modem perform? The function of a modem is Modulation and Demodulation mean to turn data into a format that can be transmitted via an audio link such as a phone line. A modem at the other side of the connection answers the phone and converts the audio back into sable data.This is why if you lift a phone while the modem is in use there appears to be random noise on the line, this noise is the data in audio What JAM? JAM stands for Quadrate Amplitude Modulation. It's a modulation scheme that transmits data by changing the amplitude of two carrier waves. The two carrier waves are out of phase with each other by 90 degrees. Digital Cable uses JAM to transmit the majority of their signals. Two major JAM schemes are GAMMA and GAMMA. GAMMA contains data throughput around 28 Mbps, where GAMMA has data throughput of 38. 8 Mbps.